二、阅读判断

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试卷简介: 二、阅读判断, 此试卷为参加"卫生B"的考生提供的"二、阅读判断"的答案和解析。
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1 多选题 1.00分
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Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.” Some of the trials were probably stopped early for commercial reasons.
  • A.Right
  • B.Wrong
  • C.Not mentioned
2 多选题 1.00分
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Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.” Participants in the trials were happy when they were stopped early.
  • A.Right
  • B.Wrong
  • C.Not mentioned
3 多选题 1.00分
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.” Some of the trials were too short to show their long-term effects.
  • A.Right
  • B.Wrong
  • C.Not mentioned
4 多选题 1.00分
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.” Stuart Pocock believed that in no case should clinical trials stop early.
  • A.Right
  • B.Wrong
  • C.Not mentioned
5 多选题 1.00分
共用题干
Spare a Kidney?
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one,but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend,a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons.First,it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney.(The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly.But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision,and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you do something,however,it doesn't mean you should.Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk.You could argue that you may be helping to save a life,but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So,what are the risks?“As with any major operation,there is a chance of dying,of reoperation due to bleeding,of infection,of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision,”
says Dr.Arthur Matas,director of the renal-transplant program at the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis.Even laparoscopy,a relatively new technique for kidney
donation,is not risk-free.Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made;selling an organ is illegal.But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare.Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability,it never hurts to have an independent opinion.The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone,not even a close relative,pressure you into giving up an organno matter if you're healthy.“There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend,father, mother if you don't do this,” says Arthus Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's center for Bioethics.Certain transplant centers will invent a“medical prob- lem”on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
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