英语一

考试试题

[单选题]New research has revived one of the longest standing,and biologically fundamental debates in the life sciences Is there a set limit to how long humans can live?The study 1 in the journal Science,suggests that maybe there isn't.It should be noted that this finding contradicts other 2 research by biologists and demographers,as Nature notes lateaus after a certain point for these"super-elderly"2 Researchers examined a population of nearly 4,000 Italians who were 105 years or older.That they found was that mortality risk The risk of death increases when someone 5 gets older,6 as they reach their 80s and 90s But,say Sapienza University's Elisabetta Barbi and University of Roma Tre's Francesco Lagona,after reaching the 7 old age of 105,the 8 of dying 9 the following year essentially drop down to 50%.The researchers 10 the quality of their dataset,asserting that their"estimates are 11 arti facts of aggregation that limited earlier studies and provide the best 12 to date for the existence of extreme-age mortality plateaus in humans.If a mortality plateau really does 13 at higher ages that theoretically means death doesn't have to be an inevitability Not all scientists have 14 that conclusion.For instance,a team from New York’s Albert Einstein College of Medicine analyzed the ages of the worlds oldest people and pegged the maximum length of human 15 at somewhere between 115 and 125 years.(For the curious:The oldest person ever in 16 history was a French lady named Jeanne Calment,who died at 122 years of age in 1997.By analyzing global demographic data,we show that improvements in 17 with age 18 decline after age 100,and that the age at death of the world s oldest person has not increased since th 1990s.Our results strongly suggest that the maximum 19 of humans is fixed and 20 natural constraints,wrote the Albert Einstein researchers in their 2016 report 4选?
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.A.t first glance this might seem like a strength that  1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by  2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big  3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge  5 of appearing too soft  6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison  7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.   To  8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the  9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others  10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was  11 .   He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews  12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had  13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale  14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were  15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is  16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.   Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one  17 that, then the score for the next applicant would  18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to  19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been  20 . 11.______
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”  1  helping you feel close and  2  to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a  3  of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you  4  getting sick this winter.   In a recent study  5  over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs  6  the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being  7  to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come  8  with a cold, and the researchers  9  that the stress-reducing effects of hugging  10  about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.  11  among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe  12 .   “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the  13  risk for colds that’s usually  14  with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps  15  the feeling that others are there to help  16  difficulty.”   Some experts  17  the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”  18  it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it  19  in the brain, where it  20  mood, behavior and physiology. 1______
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartphones. (1) _____ of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones (2) _____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. (3) _____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you (4) _____ can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate (5) _____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.   When you find yourself well (6) _____ a trail, but not in a completely (7) _____ area, you have to answer two questions: Which (8) _____ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. (9) _____, if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should (10) _____ see signs of people.   If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be (11) _____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.   Another (12) _____: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. (13) _____, even in dense forest, you should be able to (14) _____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve (15) _____ the woods. Head toward these (16) _____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for (17) _____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.   (18) _____, assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the (19) _____ we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can (20) _____ you to civilization.
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)   The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot  1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law  2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that  3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.   Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be  4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not  5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself  6 to the code of conduct that  7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.   This and other similar cases  8 the question of whether there is still a  9 between the court and politics.   The framers of the Constitution envisioned law  10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions  11 they would be free to  12 those in power and have no need to  13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely  14 .   Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social  15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it  16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily  17 as unjust.   The justices must  18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves  19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,  20 , convincing as law. 2.______
[单选题]The family of 28 nations known as the European Union has had a rough decade of near divorces The latest blow was Italys election last Sunday.The anti-EU parties won.In other parts of Europe similar parties have advanced.Britain wants out of the Continent-fusing project altogether.But then there is Greece,which may serve as a model of a prodigal nation.In 2009,the country of 11 million nearly brought down the euro zone and came close to exiting the EU after admitting it had lied about he size of its deficit(which was five times above the eu guideline)The official dishonesty,coupled with deep-seated corruption,spooked foreign lenders and defied core EU values of integrity in govern-ance With the Greek economy near collapse,however,the EU and other creditors decided it was worth throwing Athens a financial lifeline--hefty loans with conditions of austerity and other reforms.The cash-tor-rescue effort seems to be working for now.Greece made a critical decision in 2015 to implement the EU-mandated reforms.It has improved government openness and transparency on budgeting procurement,and trade--all key areas in fighting corruption Here's the clincher:In 2018,Greece's economy is expected to grow faster than that of the eU as a whole.In addition,the government has been running a fiscal surplus instead of the big deficits of a decade ago.And unemployment has fallen from 30 percent to less than 20 percent in the past five years On corruption,however,the leftist government of Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras still has far to go in ensuring a virtuous circle of honesty and openness.Last month,two of its ministers had to resign after accepting a housing subsidy.And the Council of Europe told Greece this month that it has fulfilled only six of 19 recommendations aimed at rooting out corruption.Some of the govermment's new rules require lawmakers to disclose gifts and reveal potential conflicts of interest One sign of hope is that Greece is currently in a vigorous public debate about the alleged bribery of 10 top politicians by Swiss drug maker Novartis.And polls show Greeks are more demanding of integrity in their elected leaders This mood In Greece reflects a global trend More and more citizens from a growing number of countries.have presently come to demand that their governments deliver good governance,"writes Alina Mungiu-Pippidi of the European Research Center for Anti-Corruption and State-Building in a new book The EU and other official lenders are still holding Greece to account.With further reform,it might have enough financial credibility by the end of the year to return to private maikets or money.Instead of a divorce from the Eu,it has been making up.The key was a new embrace of integrity. The current situation in Greece reflects that
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”  1  helping you feel close and  2  to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a  3  of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you  4  getting sick this winter.   In a recent study  5  over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs  6  the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being  7  to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come  8  with a cold, and the researchers  9  that the stress-reducing effects of hugging  10  about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.  11  among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe  12 .   “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the  13  risk for colds that’s usually  14  with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps  15  the feeling that others are there to help  16  difficulty.”   Some experts  17  the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”  18  it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it  19  in the brain, where it  20  mood, behavior and physiology. 4______
[多选题]“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.   At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.   Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.   Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.   Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.   The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
[多选题]King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?  The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.  It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And also, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms not counting Vatican city and Andorra. But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.  Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.  The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.  While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.  It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles ______.
[单选题]There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future“the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers-printing presses.delivery truck-isn’t just expensive it’s excessive at a time when online-only competition don’t have the same set financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lowe,but rushing to eliminate its print editor would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print business,only if they go about doing it the right away“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them“he said,“but if you discontinue it,you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway".Peretti gives example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming."It was seen as a blunder."he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in charge at the times?"l wouldn't pick year to end print."he said.“I would raise and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal costumer would still gel the product they favor.the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in."So if you're overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,"peretti said."Then increase it at rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue."In other words,if you're going to print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly$500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business,"Peretti remarked."But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market.Change and the world changes.In those situations,it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive." Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[多选题]First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.   Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.   Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.   Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.   There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.   It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.   The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work. One problem with the PreCheck program is
[单选题]“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking,music and journalism. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs. Unfortunately,despite 2?years in the making,"The Heart of the Matter"never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing“progressive,”or left-liberal propaganda. Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation. The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are
[单选题]Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is_(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted_(3)__1,932 unique subjects which__(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even_(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms working together that_(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population. 2选?
[多选题]The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.  “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.  Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, Mc Nutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”  Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role”. He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science”.  John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue”. “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.  Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”. The phrase “flagged up” (Para.2) is the closest in meaning to ______.
[多选题]Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition  1  many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your  2 , in the wrong place often carries a high  3 .    4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.  5  people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that  6  pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to  7  with one another. Scientists have found that exposure  8  this hormone puts us in a trusting  9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their  10  who inhaled something else.    11  for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may  12  us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate  13  a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each  14  to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look  15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half  16  the container was empty-and realized the tester had  17  them.   Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were  18  to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ” tester participated in a follow-up activity. 4._____
[多选题]Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)  As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember  1  we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain  2  , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”  3  seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)  4  impact on our professional, social, and personal  5 .  Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It  6  out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental  7  can significantly improve our basic cognitive  8 . Thinking is essentially a  9  of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to  10  in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.  11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate  12  mental effort.  Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step  13  and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental  14 .  The Web-based program  15  you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps  16  of your progress and provides detailed feedback  17  your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it  18  modifies and enhances the games you play to  19  on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)  20  exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 8.______