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41→42→F→43→44→A→45[E] The race to bring driverless cars to market is fierce and crowded. Intense com...

41→42→F→43→44→A→45[E] The race to bring driverless cars to market is fierce and crowded. Intense competition has both benefits and costs, but will probably prove short-lived. Thanks to powerful economies of scale, the roads may soon be ruled by no more than a handful of firms.
[F] Fortunately such lessons. once learned by computers, are not forgotten, and can be drawn upon by every vehicle using the same software. This, and the fact that AVs never fall asleep at the wheel or pull their eyes from the road to check their phone, suggests that driverless cars should ultimately be far safer than the human-driven sort. But some AV systems will be safer than others. Those that beat competitors on safety and general reliability will attract more drivers and corporate partners, allowing them to gather more data still.
[G] Individual owners might nonetheless shell out for the convenience of a car at their personal beck and call. Yet car-hailing services, like bike-sharing businesses, become more useful as their user-base grows. The more riders there are in an area, the more vehicles it pays io operate, and the more likely a user is to find an open ride nearby. If waiting times fall to almost nothing, the extra value of having your own car will fade.
  • A. Convenient, safe AVs, which allow riders to nap rather than mind the wheel, should reduce the trouble of travelling by car. rFhat creates a potential problem: people may travel more, making congestion worse. Ironically, though, scale could fix this too. Congestion occurs because individual drivers do not take into account the inconvenience they cause to others. One way to so!ve this is to force drivers to bear those costs, by charging them a fee. But governments' plans to introduce congestion tolling are unpopular - and charging is consequently rarer than chronically jammed highways
  • B. Scale will yield still other benefits. Though some people will want their own driverless cars, the market is likely to favour AV-based ride-hailing services. Driverless cars will not come cheap. But cars used in ride-sharing services will cost less per mile than personal vehicles, which spend much of their time sitting idle. Maintenance and other costs should be lower for fleets of hailable AVs, because centralised facilities ought to enjoy productivity advantages over distributed mechanics' shops.
  • C. The advantages of scale begin with data. Like humans, the computers which power driverless cars improve with experience. The computers sitting in AVs (autonomous vehicles) are essentially in the business of learning and improving on what a good human driver would do. The more data they have, the better they become at predicting whether that blur ahead is a pedestrian or sunlight reflecting off the road, and reacting accordingly.
  • D. But a ridrhailing service which grew to account for a substantial share of traffic would face a different set of incentives. Congestion costs imposed by one of its cars on another would be internal to that firm, which would have both the reason and the ability to vary prices with demand, or offer reduced rates to customers willing to share a car. Other cars or services could attempt to free-ride on the free-flowing traffic created by dominant firms. But concentrated control over roadways could make the politics of road fees more manageable. The market could go from cut-throat competition to monopoly with extraordinary speed.
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1 单选题 0分
Over the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.
41. But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" - is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript. )
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. 42.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
43. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help. "
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time. "
That said, there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.
44. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars. which i.s another big concern for colleges.
Indeed. grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. 45. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.[E] One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter, because there's always another chance.
[F] The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied - similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, splendid recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls.
[G] For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.
  • A. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
  • B. This lrend of grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
  • C. This. trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s, abated somewhat in the '70s and came back strong in the '80s. The previous signs of academic disaster. D and F, went by the wayside in the Vietnam era, when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.
  • D. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be.
2 单选题 0分
Over the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.
41. But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" - is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript. )
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. 42.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
43. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help. "
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time. "
That said, there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.
44. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars. which i.s another big concern for colleges.
Indeed. grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. 45. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.[E] One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter, because there's always another chance.
[F] The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied - similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, splendid recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls.
[G] For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.
  • A. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
  • B. This lrend of grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
  • C. This. trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s, abated somewhat in the '70s and came back strong in the '80s. The previous signs of academic disaster. D and F, went by the wayside in the Vietnam era, when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.
  • D. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be.
3 单选题 0分
Over the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.
41. But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" - is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript. )
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. 42.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
43. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help. "
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time. "
That said, there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.
44. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars. which i.s another big concern for colleges.
Indeed. grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. 45. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.[E] One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter, because there's always another chance.
[F] The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied - similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, splendid recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls.
[G] For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.
  • A. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
  • B. This lrend of grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
  • C. This. trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s, abated somewhat in the '70s and came back strong in the '80s. The previous signs of academic disaster. D and F, went by the wayside in the Vietnam era, when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.
  • D. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be.
4 单选题 0分
Over the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.
41. But another, related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness" - is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript. )
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. 42.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
43. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help. "
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time. "
That said, there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.
44. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars. which i.s another big concern for colleges.
Indeed. grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. 45. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.[E] One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter, because there's always another chance.
[F] The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied - similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, splendid recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls.
[G] For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.
  • A. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
  • B. This lrend of grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
  • C. This. trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s, abated somewhat in the '70s and came back strong in the '80s. The previous signs of academic disaster. D and F, went by the wayside in the Vietnam era, when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.
  • D. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be.
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