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Homosexuals（同性恋者）Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or,for woman,lesbian.Most of them live quiet lives just______(51)anyone else.Some gay people have always raised children,______(52)or with partners,and the use of artificial insemination（人工受精）is increasing among lesbians.Gay persons are in every kind of job.Some are very open about their homosexuality,and some are more private.Some______(53)their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice.For those women who see it as a choice,one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual（异性恋的）relationships.Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally______ (54).As a result,homosexual activity became a crime,______(55)which the penalty in early courts was death.Homosexual behavior is still______(56)in many countries and the United States.Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness,but now no mentalhealth professional（具有专业资格的人）any longer ______ (57) homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to______(58)for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors.To date.______(59),there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.Attitudes______(60)homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this,in part,to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now______(61)health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory（咨询的）committees.______(62)some attitudes have changed,however,prejudice（偏见）still exists,and in the late 1980s and early 1990s,there were considerable shouts against homosexuals,with attempt to ______(63)laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.The AIDS epidemic,which started in the 1980s,has devastated（毁坏）the gay community and brought it together as never before,The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victim______(64)they be gays or not,has been a model of community action.AIDS,however,has also______(65)people with another reason for their prejudice. _________(53)
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Lakes,Too,Feel Global WarmingThere's no doubt;In the last few decades,the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it hasbeen in hundreds of years,Around the world,people are starting to measure the effects of global warming一 and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world,and they found that lakes are heating up.Between 1985 and 2009,satellites recorded the nighttime temperatures of the sur- faces of 167 lakes.During those 24 years,the lakes got warmer一by an average of about 0.045 degreeCelsius per year.In some places,lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate,a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius in just 10 years?That difference may seem imull一you might not even notice it in your bath.But in a lake,slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae（水藻）,and algae can make the lake poisonous（有毒的）to fish.The study shows that in some regions,lakes are warming faster than the air around them.This is impor- tant because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how Earth is warming.By using lake temperatures as well,scientists can get a better picture of global warming.The scientists say data on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around the world.That’s going to be useful,since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change.Scientists aren't the only ones concerned、 Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by the rapid warming ofthe planet.Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it,especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse（温室）gases we put into the air.That’s why the United Nations started the F'ramework Convention on Climate Change,or UNFCCC. Every year the convention meets,and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solutions to the challenges of a warming world. Lakes seem to be warming faster in Asia.
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Weight on and off the Earth We are so used to.our life on the surface of the earth that it can be quite an effort for our mind to break free of all the ideas that we take for granted.Because we can feel that things are heavy,we think of "weight"as being a fixed quality in an object,but it is not really fixed at all.If you could take a one-pound packet of butter 4,000 miles out from the earth,it would weigh only a quarter of a pound. Why would things weigh only a quarter as much as they do at the surface of the earth if we took them 4,000 miles out into space?The reason is this:all objects have a natural attraction for all other objects;this is called gravitational attraction.But this power of attraction between two obects gets weaker as they get farther apart.When the butter was at the surface of the earth,it was 4,000 miles from the center.When we took the butter 4,000 miles out,it was 8,000 miles from the center,which is twice the distance.If you double the distance between two objects,their gravitational attraction decreases two times two.If you treble the distance, it gets nine times weaker(three times three)and so on. So this is one of the first things we need to remember that the weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the surface of the earth. What about the weight of our pound of butter on the surface of the moon?At the distance the puii of the earth is about 4,000 times smaller than it is here on the surface,so we can forget all about the earth-pull on our butter. On the other hand,on the moon there will be an attraction between the butter and the moon,but the butter will weigh only about one-sixth as much as it does on the earth.This is because the moon is so much smaller than the earth.The amount of gravitational pull that a body produces depends on the amount of material in it.A packet of butter has a gravitational pull of its own;but this is very small in relation to the pull of something as large as the moon,or the earth,or the sun. How much would four pounds of tea weigh if it was taken 4,000 miles out from the surface of the earth?
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Homosexuals（同性恋者）Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or,for woman,lesbian.Most of them live quiet lives just______(51)anyone else.Some gay people have always raised children,______(52)or with partners,and the use of artificial insemination（人工受精）is increasing among lesbians.Gay persons are in every kind of job.Some are very open about their homosexuality,and some are more private.Some______(53)their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice.For those women who see it as a choice,one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual（异性恋的）relationships.Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally______ (54).As a result,homosexual activity became a crime,______(55)which the penalty in early courts was death.Homosexual behavior is still______(56)in many countries and the United States.Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness,but now no mentalhealth professional（具有专业资格的人）any longer ______ (57) homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to______(58)for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors.To date.______(59),there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.Attitudes______(60)homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this,in part,to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now______(61)health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory（咨询的）committees.______(62)some attitudes have changed,however,prejudice（偏见）still exists,and in the late 1980s and early 1990s,there were considerable shouts against homosexuals,with attempt to ______(63)laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.The AIDS epidemic,which started in the 1980s,has devastated（毁坏）the gay community and brought it together as never before,The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victim______(64)they be gays or not,has been a model of community action.AIDS,however,has also______(65)people with another reason for their prejudice. _________(63)
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Robots may Allow Surgery in SpaceSmall robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may______(51)doctors on Earth to help perform surgery on patients in space.The______(52),wheeled robots,which are about 3 inches tall and as wide as lipstick case, can be slipped into small incisions and computer-controlled by surgeons in different______(53). Some robots are equipped with______(54)and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be controlled______(55)."We think this is going to replace open surgery," Dr. Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news ______(56).Oleynikov is a specialist in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha.Officials hope that NASA will teach______(57)to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space.On earth,the surgeons could control the robots themselves from other locations.For example, the robots could enable surgeons in other places to work on injured______(58)on the front line. Researchers plan to seek federal regulatory approval early next year. Tests on______(59)have been successful,and tests on humans in England will begin very soon.The camera-carrying robots can provide views of______(60)areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver inside the body in______(61)surgeons' hands can't. The views fromthe camera-carrying robots are better than the naked eye,because they send back color images that are______(62).Because several robots can be inserted through one incision,they could reduce the amount and______(63)of cuts needed for surgery,which would decrease______(64)time. This is particularly helpful to those patients who have been debilitated by long illness.______(65),Oleynikov said,the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without even placing their hands in patients' bodies."That's the goal,"Oleynikov said."It's getting easier and easier. We can do even more with these devices. _________(59)
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Water and its importance to human life were the center of the world's attention last week. March 22 was World Water Day and______(51)the theme"Water for Life”.There are more than one billion people in the world who live without______(52)drinking water. The United Nations______(53)to cut this number in half by 2015.Solving such a big problem seems like a(n)______(54)challenge.But everyone,even teenagers,can do something to help.A teenage girl in the US has set an example to the______(55)of her age around the world.Rene Haggerty,13,was awarded the 2004 Gloria Barron Prize for her work—_______(56) discarded（废弃的）batteries（电池）which pollute water.In 2003,Haggerty went on a field trip to the Great Lakes Science Centre in Ohio.There she saw an exhibit about how______(57)in old batteries harm the water of Lake Erie.Haggerty learnt that______(58)the batteries was an easy solution."I think everybody can do it,because everyone uses batteries,and it can make a big difference."With these words,she began to.______(59)awareness in her area.She______(60)her county government and school board. She got permission to start a re-cycling program in schools,hospital,churches______(61)the public library. With the help from her family,friends and local waste-management______(62),she gathered containers,arranged transportation,and made an educational video.Over the past two years,she collected four tons of batteries and drew the attention of officials, who were in charge of a battery recycling program but had made______(63)progress.When asked______(64)she feels like a hero,Haggerty is quite modest."Not really. Well,maybe for the fish I saved!"Every year the Gloria Barron Prize is______(65)to young Americans aged 8 to 1 8 who have shown leadership and courage in serving the public and the planet. Each year ten winners receive US MYM 2,000 each,to help with their education costs or their public service work. _________(59)
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Sauna Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms,one of which is the sauna.The Finns have perfected the steam bath,or sauna,which may be taken,usually in an enclosed room，by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath.The Japanese,Greeks,Turks and Russians as well as Native Amencans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals.Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges（发汗帐篷）. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time.A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat,the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna,"savusauna",is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a back加und odor（气味）or smoke.Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available. Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving.Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation（炎症）.Asthma（哮喘）patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing.Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time.The body's core temperature usually rises 1-2 degrees while in the sauna,thus imitating a slight fever.The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying"feed a cold,starve a fever".The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs.Adults sweat about 2 lbs（磅）of water per hour on average in a sauna.A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores（毛孔）and gives the skin a healthy glow.The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes.The cardiovascular（心血管的）system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange.Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice.The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas.Pregnant women should not take saunas,particularly in the first three months.Indeed,everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath. Who are advised not to take a sauna?
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A Record-Breaking RoverNASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004,Opportunity has traveled 25 .01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,”says John Callas,the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,California.“But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up,but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover,Spirit,landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life,such as the possible presence of water.Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010,a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission,Opportunity has captured,and sent back to Earth,some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere,soil,rocks,aid terrain.The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on,it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Opportunity has beer working on Mars since January 2004.Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as the, plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet. Opportunity is a record breaking rover in the sense of________.
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