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Promising Results From Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty-three patients suffering fromlung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates（刺激）the body' s immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used. Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.
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An active lifestyle and a healthy,fish-rich diet are not only good for your heart,________(46),two leading neuroscientists said on Wednesday.As people live longer,finding ways of halting the decline in mental agility is becoming increasingly important,said professor Ian Robertson，_________(47)."The biggest threat to being able to function well and properly is our brains,"___________(48). "There is very strong evidence,___________(49),that the degree to which you maintain your mental faculties depends on a handful of quite simple environmental factors,"he said.__________(50),avoided high stress levels and enjoyed a rich and varied social life are better equipped to stay alert as they age.Mental stimulation,learning new things and simply thinking young also help. ________（47）
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Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study,most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment,including hu-miliation by senior doctors,______(51)threatened,or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the______(52)a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1,733 second-year residents.The survey and______(53)appear in the April 15th is-sue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall,out of the 1,277 residents______(54)completed surveys,1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year.______(55)reporting incidents where they were abused,more than 45%of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons______(56)false medical records.Moreover,nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians,or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent______(57).More than 10%of the residents said they were______(58)to have enough sleep,and the average number of hours______(59)sleep was 37 .6 .The average on-call time during a______(60)week was 56 .9 hours,but about 25%of the residents said their on-call assign-ments were more than 80 hours some weeks.______(61)30%of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination,verbal abuse was the most common problem cited.When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times,53% of the respondents reported that they ______(62)belittled or humiliated by more senior residents,while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work .Being"______(63)tasks for punishment," "being pushed,kicked or hit,"and______(64)someone"threatening your reputation or career," were reported as a more______(65)occurrence by over 10%of the responding residents. 56._________
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第二篇As we have seen,the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease一especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors,such as poor eating habits,smoking,and failure to exercise.The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight , but does not eat very nutritious（有营养的）foods , who feels OK but exercises only occasionally , who goes to work every day , but is not an outstanding worker,who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts,but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.This person is not ill.He may not even be at risk for any particular disease.But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs.Both types have simply been called "well".In recent years,however,some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "weilness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their body's condition.Most importantly,perhaps,people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health.Even people who have a physical disease or handicap（缺陷）may be "well" ,in this new sense,if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations."Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve,but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes.And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living,the concept of weilness can have a beneficial impact on the way in which people face the challenges of daily life. The first paragraph implies that_________.
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Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population.Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer,there are more people around at any given time.in fact,it is a decrease in death rates,not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load.In all societies,people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them.In hunting and gathering cultures,old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die.In times of famine,infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved,whereas if the parents sur- vived they could have another child.In most contemporary societies,people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not.We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work;we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age.Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement,somebody else must support them.In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty.Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people;unless they have wealth or private or government insurance,they must often"go on welfare"if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves,they create grave problems for their families.In the past and in some traditional cultures,they would be cared for at home until they died.Today,with most members of a household working or in school,there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person.To meet this need,a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built.These are often profit-making organizations,although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups.While a few of these institutions are good,most of them are simply"dumping grounds"for the dying in which"care"is given by poorly paid,overworked,and underskilled personnel. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes,and convalescent hospitals?
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第三篇In the early days of the United States,postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried.In 1825,the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery,but these carriers received no government salary and their entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.In 1847,the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of a postage stamp,which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay.Besides,the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address.In Philadelphia,for example,with a population of 150,000,people still had to go to the post office to get their mail.The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail.It is no wonder that,during the years of these cumbersome arrangements,private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.Although their activities were only semi-legal,they thrived and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were half-day speedier than the government mail.The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had. Finally,in 1863,Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary,and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery.But this delivery service was at first confined to cities,and free home delivery became a sign of urbanization.In 1890,of the 75 million people in the United States,fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors.The rest,nearly three quarters of the population,still received no mail unless they went to their post office. Which of the following is an advantage the private postal services had over the government postal system?
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第一篇Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population.Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago.Because more people live longer,there are more people around at any given time.In fact,it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birth rates,that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load.In all societies,people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them.In hunting and gathering cultures,old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die.In times of famine,infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved,whereas if the parents survived they could have another child.In most contemporary societies,people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work;we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age.Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement,somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people;unless they have wealth or private or government insurance,they must often"go on welfare"if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves,they create grave problems for their families.In the past and in some traditional cultures,they would be cared for at home until they died.Today,with most members of a household working or in school,there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person.To meet this need,a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups.While a few of these institutions are good,most of them are simply "dumping grounds"for the dying in which" care" is given by poorly paid,overworked,and underskilled personnel. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes,and convalescent hospitals?
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